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Workings

Hint
Find how many sheep Drew has first.

Answer
3.

Reasoning
If we denote Alex by A, Billie by B, Charlie by C, and Drew by D and number the clues.

If Alex had three more sheep, then he'd have one fewer sheep than Billie. Whereas Drew has the same number as the other three shepherds put together. If Charlie had three fewer sheep, he'd have exactly three times the number of Alex. If they were evenly distributed, they'd each have eleven sheep.
By (4):
   A + B + C + D = 44

And, by (2), these are shared equally between A + B + C and D.

So D = 22, and A + B + C = 22 (*)

By (1):
   A + 3 = B – 1
   A + 4 = B

By (3):
   C – 3 = 3A
   C     = 3A + 3

Substitute B and C in (*):

A + (A+4) + (3A+3) = 22
            5A + 7 = 22
                5A = 15
                 A = 3

And, B = 7, C = 12.

Double-Checking
A = 3, B = 7, C = 12, D = 22.

(1) 3 + 3 = 7 – 1
(2) 3 + 7 + 12 = 22
(3) 12 – 3 = 3 x 3
(4) 3 + 7 + 12 + 22 = 44, and 44 ÷ 4 = 11 each.

Workings

Hint
Find the weight of the bottle first.

Answer
24 ounces.

The bottle weighs 16 ounces.

Reasoning
As a bottle (B) weighs eight ounces plus half a bottle, we can write this as:
   B = 8 + ¹/₂ x B
  ¹/₂ x B = 8
   B = 16

As the bottle weighs 16 ounces, a bottle and a half weighs 16 + 8 = 24 ounces.

Workings

Hint
How many pieces on the top layer had two sides with icing?

Answer
15 pieces.

Reasoning
On each layer there are 4 pieces with exactly two sides of icing.

Therefore Kevin ate 12 pieces, leaving 15 for the guests.

Workings

Hint
The first in the list would be Hydrogen.

Answer
Fluorine.

These are the elements in atomic number order.