Random Puzzles 

Workings

Hint
Look at the number of sides of each of the shapes.

Answer
Square.

Reasoning
If we add the shape's sides, the total increases by 8, then 10, then 12, etc (2 more each time).
   triangle (3) + pentagon (5) + square (4) = 12

   square   (4) + hexagon (6) + hexagon (6) + square (4) = 20

   pentagon (5) + hexagon (6) + hexagon (6) + hexagon (6) + square (4) + triangle (3) = 30

Therefore:
   hexagon  (6) + octagon (8) + octagon (8) + octagon (8) + octagon (8) + square (4) = 42

Alternative Reasoning
Square the first shape's sides, and the remaining shapes add up to this number.
   triangle (3 x 3) = pentagon (5) + square (4)

   square   (4 x 4) = hexagon (6) + hexagon (6) + square (4)

   pentagon (5 x 5) = hexagon (6) + hexagon (6) + hexagon (6) + square (4) + triangle (3)

Therefore:
   hexagon  (6 x 6) = octagon (8) + octagon (8) + octagon (8) + octagon (8) + square (4)

Workings

Hint
The first letters of the words are: B, S, E, W, E, L, P, C.

Answers
Any animal that fits is correct, but these are possible answers:
fahjec   = badger, barbet, gannet, marten qsaxe    = crane, skate, snake, whale eep      = eel zoth     = fowl, lory, moth, pony, wolf, worm epessawx = elephant feyuv    = lemur, xerus zowqud   = possum pol      = cod, cow, dog, fox, hog

Workings

Hint
Try writing the numbers out as letters.

Answer
45.

Reasoning
Each term increases by the number of letters in the previous term (ignoring any hyphens).
1  + length("ONE")       = 4
4  + length("FOUR")      = 8
8  + length("EIGHT")     = 13
13 + length("THIRTEEN")  = 21
21 + length("TWENTYONE") = 30
30 + length("THIRTY")    = 36
36 + length("THIRTYSIX") = 45

Workings

Hint
They can't have been born in the USA then.

Answer
They live in Australia, but they could have been born anywhere South of the equator, where the seasons are reversed.